ELT Initiative

Though the research on expanded time schools is still quite sparse, there is a fair amount of research on the pivotal role of time in learning. Mass 2020 has synthesized the most important studies into five summaries around key questions and has compiled a bibliography of hundreds of relevant sources.  In addition, we have posted some of the more important research in the field of time and learning for quick reference.

Research Digests

• The Effects of Extending Learning Time in Real-World, Classroom Settings. Read About 
• The Effects of Longer Class Periods. Read About
• The Effect of Dedicating School Time to Enrichment Activities and to Recess. Read About

Bibliography of Key Resources on Time and Learning 

Most relevant articles on time and learning

• Adelman, N. et al. (1996). The uses of time for teaching and learning. Vo1. 1: Findings and conclusions. Policy Studies Associates.
   
• Berliner, D. (1990). What’s all the fuss about instructional time? In Berliner, D. (Ed.) The nature of time in schools theoretical concepts, practitioner perceptions. New York: Teachers College Press.
   
• Florian, J. Teacher survey of standards-based instruction: Addressing time. (1999). Mid Continent Research for Education and Learning.
   
• Gettinger, M. (1985). Time allocated and time spent relative to time needed for learning as determinants of achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77(1), 3-11.
   
• Karweit, N. and Slavin, R.E. (1981). Measurement and modeling choices in studies of time and learning. American Education Research Journal, 18(2):157-71.
   
• Porter, C. (2002). What do I teach for ninety minutes?: Building a successful block-scheduled English classroom. National Council of Teachers of English.
   
• Roth, J.L., et al (2003). What happens during the school day?: Time diaries from a national sample of elementary school teachers. Teachers College Record, 105(3): 317-43.
   
• Wiley, D. and Harnishfeger, A. (1974). Explosion of a myth: Quantity of schooling and exposure to instruction. Educational Researcher, 3(4): 7 – 12.

Additional Resources

• Miles, K.H. and Frank, S. (2008). The Strategic School: How To Make the Most of People, Time and Money
   
• Carroll, J. (1963). A model of school learning. Teachers College Record, 64: 723-33.
   
• Clark, D. and Linn, M.C. (2003). Designing for knowledge integration: The impact of instructional time. The Journal of Learning Sciences, 12(4): 451-493.